مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	قوم‌نگاری	مشاهده غیرمشارکتی
حوزه	کیفی	روش‌شناسی پیمایش
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	c. 1922 (Malinowski's Argonauts of the Western Pacific)	Formalized mid-20th century (Gold 1958); practice dates to late 19th-century social surveys
پدیدآور	Bronisław Malinowski (modern ethnography); rooted in 19th-century anthropology	Raymond Gold (role typology); earlier roots in social survey movement and Chicago School sociology
نوع	Qualitative fieldwork tradition	Qualitative / quantitative observational data collection
منبع بنیادین	Hammersley, M. & Atkinson, P. (2019). Ethnography: Principles in Practice (4th ed.). Routledge. ISBN: 978-1138504462	Gold, R. L. (1958). Roles in sociological field observations. Social Forces, 36(3), 217–223.
نام‌های دیگر	Etnografi, participant observation, fieldwork, ethnographic research	detached observation, systematic observation, structured field observation, external observation
مرتبط	5	5
خلاصه	Ethnography is a qualitative research tradition in which a researcher immerses themselves in a social group or community over an extended period — typically three to six months or longer — to study its culture, values, and behaviours in their natural setting. Originating in social and cultural anthropology, and consolidated as a rigorous method by Bronisław Malinowski in the early twentieth century, ethnography produces rich, contextualised accounts of how people live, work, and make meaning together.	Non-participant observation is a data-collection method in which the researcher observes behavior, interactions, or events in a natural or structured setting without joining or influencing the activity under study. The observer maintains a deliberate distance from participants to minimize their own effect on the phenomena being recorded, producing field notes, behavioral tallies, or recordings that reflect naturally occurring behavior rather than behavior shaped by researcher involvement.