مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	قوم‌نگاری	بررسی اعضا و اعتبارسنجی پاسخ‌دهندگان
حوزه	کیفی	پژوهش کیفی
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	c. 1922 (Malinowski's Argonauts of the Western Pacific)	1985
پدیدآور	Bronisław Malinowski (modern ethnography); rooted in 19th-century anthropology	Yvonna Lincoln and Egon Guba
نوع	Qualitative fieldwork tradition	Method
منبع بنیادین	Hammersley, M. & Atkinson, P. (2019). Ethnography: Principles in Practice (4th ed.). Routledge. ISBN: 978-1138504462	Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic Inquiry. SAGE Publications. ISBN: 978-0803924314
نام‌های دیگر	Etnografi, participant observation, fieldwork, ethnographic research	member validation, respondent validation, participant feedback, credibility check
مرتبط	5	4
خلاصه	Ethnography is a qualitative research tradition in which a researcher immerses themselves in a social group or community over an extended period — typically three to six months or longer — to study its culture, values, and behaviours in their natural setting. Originating in social and cultural anthropology, and consolidated as a rigorous method by Bronisław Malinowski in the early twentieth century, ethnography produces rich, contextualised accounts of how people live, work, and make meaning together.	Member checking is a quality assurance procedure in qualitative research in which the researcher shares preliminary findings, interpretations, or analytical themes with research participants and asks whether the findings accurately reflect their perspectives and experiences. Developed by Lincoln and Guba (1985) as a trustworthiness criterion, member checking is considered a key method for ensuring credibility and reducing researcher misinterpretation. The goal is to verify that the researcher has understood participants correctly and that interpretations are grounded in participants' actual meaning-making, not the researcher's assumptions. Member checking can occur at different points in research (after individual interviews, after initial analysis, or after draft findings are written) and take different forms (individual feedback, group validation, interactive discussion).