مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	قوم‌نگاری	قوم‌نگاری طولی
حوزه	کیفی	کیفی
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	c. 1922 (Malinowski's Argonauts of the Western Pacific)	1920s (classical origins); refined 1990s–2000s
پدیدآور	Bronisław Malinowski (modern ethnography); rooted in 19th-century anthropology	Rooted in classical anthropological fieldwork (Malinowski, 1922); systematised for sociological revisits by Michael Burawoy (2003)
نوع	Qualitative fieldwork tradition	Qualitative research design
منبع بنیادین	Hammersley, M. & Atkinson, P. (2019). Ethnography: Principles in Practice (4th ed.). Routledge. ISBN: 978-1138504462	Burawoy, M. (2003). Revisits: An outline of a theory of reflexive ethnography. American Sociological Review, 68(5), 645–679.
نام‌های دیگر	Etnografi, participant observation, fieldwork, ethnographic research	extended ethnography, long-term fieldwork, sustained ethnographic study, longitudinal field research
مرتبط	5	5
خلاصه	Ethnography is a qualitative research tradition in which a researcher immerses themselves in a social group or community over an extended period — typically three to six months or longer — to study its culture, values, and behaviours in their natural setting. Originating in social and cultural anthropology, and consolidated as a rigorous method by Bronisław Malinowski in the early twentieth century, ethnography produces rich, contextualised accounts of how people live, work, and make meaning together.	Longitudinal ethnography is a qualitative research design in which a researcher conducts sustained, repeated fieldwork with the same community, organisation, or group across an extended period — months to decades. By returning to the field at multiple time points, the researcher captures how social processes, meanings, and structures evolve, making it the only qualitative method capable of directly observing change and continuity in lived experience.