مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	قوم‌نگاری	نظریه داده‌بنیاد	پدیدارشناسی تفسیری
حوزه	کیفی	پژوهش کیفی	کیفی
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	c. 1922 (Malinowski's Argonauts of the Western Pacific)	1967	Philosophical roots 1927 (Heidegger); systematic research method from 1980s–1990s
پدیدآور	Bronisław Malinowski (modern ethnography); rooted in 19th-century anthropology	Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss	Martin Heidegger (philosophical foundation); Max van Manen (methodological application)
نوع	Qualitative fieldwork tradition	Method	Qualitative research method
منبع بنیادین	Hammersley, M. & Atkinson, P. (2019). Ethnography: Principles in Practice (4th ed.). Routledge. ISBN: 978-1138504462	Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Aldine.	van Manen, M. (1990). Researching Lived Experience: Human Science for an Action Sensitive Pedagogy. State University of New York Press. ISBN: 978-0791404645
نام‌های دیگر	Etnografi, participant observation, fieldwork, ethnographic research	GT, Grounded Theory Approach	Heideggerian phenomenology, interpretive phenomenology, hermeneutic inquiry, van Manen phenomenology
مرتبط	5	3	6
خلاصه	Ethnography is a qualitative research tradition in which a researcher immerses themselves in a social group or community over an extended period — typically three to six months or longer — to study its culture, values, and behaviours in their natural setting. Originating in social and cultural anthropology, and consolidated as a rigorous method by Bronisław Malinowski in the early twentieth century, ethnography produces rich, contextualised accounts of how people live, work, and make meaning together.	Grounded Theory (GT) is a systematic qualitative research methodology in which theory emerges directly from data through iterative analysis, rather than being imposed before data collection. Developed by Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss in 1967, GT prioritizes generating explanatory frameworks grounded in evidence.	Hermeneutic phenomenology is a qualitative research approach that investigates the interpreted meaning of lived experience from within the existential conditions that shape it. Rooted in Heidegger's ontology and developed as an empirical method by Max van Manen, it does not seek to bracket or suspend the researcher's understanding but instead treats that understanding as the very medium through which the meaning of experience can be disclosed. The approach is widely used in education, nursing, and social sciences to explore how people dwell in, and make sense of, their world.