مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	قوم‌نگاری	یادداشت‌های میدانی
حوزه	کیفی	روش‌شناسی پیمایش
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	c. 1922 (Malinowski's Argonauts of the Western Pacific)	Late 19th century (formalized in 20th century)
پدیدآور	Bronisław Malinowski (modern ethnography); rooted in 19th-century anthropology	Rooted in 19th-century anthropology and sociology; systematized by ethnographers such as Bronislaw Malinowski and later Robert Emerson et al.
نوع	Qualitative fieldwork tradition	Qualitative data collection and recording technique
منبع بنیادین	Hammersley, M. & Atkinson, P. (2019). Ethnography: Principles in Practice (4th ed.). Routledge. ISBN: 978-1138504462	Emerson, R. M., Fretz, R. I., & Shaw, L. L. (1995). Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes. University of Chicago Press. ISBN: 978-0226206813
نام‌های دیگر	Etnografi, participant observation, fieldwork, ethnographic research	fieldnotes, observational notes, ethnographic notes, jottings
مرتبط	5	6
خلاصه	Ethnography is a qualitative research tradition in which a researcher immerses themselves in a social group or community over an extended period — typically three to six months or longer — to study its culture, values, and behaviours in their natural setting. Originating in social and cultural anthropology, and consolidated as a rigorous method by Bronisław Malinowski in the early twentieth century, ethnography produces rich, contextualised accounts of how people live, work, and make meaning together.	Field notes are detailed written records created by researchers during or immediately after direct observation in a naturalistic setting. They capture what is seen, heard, and experienced — including behaviors, interactions, physical environments, and the researcher's own analytic impressions — forming the primary data source for ethnographic and observational studies.