مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	پژوهش قوم‌نگارانه	یادداشت‌های میدانی
حوزه	پژوهش کیفی	روش‌شناسی پیمایش
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1920s–1970s	Late 19th century (formalized in 20th century)
پدیدآور	Anthropology (Malinowski, Boas); applied in health and sociology (Geertz)	Rooted in 19th-century anthropology and sociology; systematized by ethnographers such as Bronislaw Malinowski and later Robert Emerson et al.
نوع	Method	Qualitative data collection and recording technique
منبع بنیادین	Geertz, C. (1973). The interpretation of cultures: Selected essays. Basic Books.	Emerson, R. M., Fretz, R. I., & Shaw, L. L. (1995). Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes. University of Chicago Press. ISBN: 978-0226206813
نام‌های دیگر	Ethnography, Participatory Observation, Field Research	fieldnotes, observational notes, ethnographic notes, jottings
مرتبط	4	6
خلاصه	Ethnographic research is an immersive qualitative methodology in which researchers spend prolonged time in a community, organization, or social setting, combining participant observation, interviews, and document analysis to develop a rich, contextual understanding of a group's beliefs, practices, and social structures. Grounded in anthropology and refined for health, organizational, and social research, ethnography produces 'thick description' (Geertz 1973) that reveals the meaning and context underlying observable behavior.	Field notes are detailed written records created by researchers during or immediately after direct observation in a naturalistic setting. They capture what is seen, heard, and experienced — including behaviors, interactions, physical environments, and the researcher's own analytic impressions — forming the primary data source for ethnographic and observational studies.