مقایسهٔ روشها
روشهای انتخابی خود را کنار هم مرور کنید؛ ردیفهای متفاوت برجسته شدهاند.
| پژوهش قومنگارانه× | پژوهش عملیاتی× | |
|---|---|---|
| حوزه | پژوهش کیفی | پژوهش کیفی |
| خانواده | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| سال پیدایش≠ | 1920s–1970s | 1946 |
| پدیدآور≠ | Anthropology (Malinowski, Boas); applied in health and sociology (Geertz) | Kurt Lewin; expanded by Kemmis, McTaggart, Reason & Bradbury |
| نوع | Method | Method |
| منبع بنیادین≠ | Geertz, C. (1973). The interpretation of cultures: Selected essays. Basic Books. link ↗ | Lewin, K. (1946). Action research and minority problems. Journal of Social Issues, 2(4), 34–46. DOI ↗ |
| نامهای دیگر | Ethnography, Participatory Observation, Field Research | Participatory Action Research, PAR, Collaborative Inquiry |
| مرتبط≠ | 4 | 1 |
| خلاصه≠ | Ethnographic research is an immersive qualitative methodology in which researchers spend prolonged time in a community, organization, or social setting, combining participant observation, interviews, and document analysis to develop a rich, contextual understanding of a group's beliefs, practices, and social structures. Grounded in anthropology and refined for health, organizational, and social research, ethnography produces 'thick description' (Geertz 1973) that reveals the meaning and context underlying observable behavior. | Action research is a collaborative research methodology in which researchers work with practitioners and community members to investigate a problem, implement change, and evaluate outcomes, cycling through reflection, action, and learning. Developed by Kurt Lewin (1946), action research bridges research and practice, aiming simultaneously to produce knowledge and practical improvement. |
| ScholarGateمجموعهداده ↗ |
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