مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	Ethnographic Interview	Participatory Rural Appraisal
حوزه	Anthropology	Anthropology
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1979	1994
پدیدآور	James P. Spradley	Robert Chambers and collaborators
نوع	Structured developmental sequence of interview questions for eliciting cultural knowledge	Family of participatory field appraisal and planning methods
منبع بنیادین	Spradley, J. P. (1979). The Ethnographic Interview. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN: 9780030444968	Chambers, R. (1994). The origins and practice of participatory rural appraisal. World Development, 22(7), 953–969.
نام‌های دیگر	Spradley Interview, Developmental Research Sequence Interview, Ethnographic Interviewing, Domain Elicitation Interview	PRA, Participatory Learning and Action, Participatory Rural Appraisal Methods, PLA
مرتبط	3	2
خلاصه	The ethnographic interview, formalized by James Spradley, is a deliberately staged conversation whose goal is to discover how an insider categorizes and talks about their own cultural world rather than to test the researcher's categories. It proceeds through a developmental research sequence of question types — broad grand-tour questions, fine-grained descriptive questions, structural questions that probe how knowledge is organized, and contrast questions that surface the distinctions informants draw between terms. The point is not a list of facts but a reconstructed map of meanings expressed in the informant's own native terms.	Participatory rural appraisal is a growing family of approaches and methods that enable local people to share, enhance, and analyze their own knowledge of their lives and conditions, and to plan and act on it. Associated above all with Robert Chambers, PRA reverses the conventional research relationship: outside facilitators hand over the stick, and community members themselves do the mapping, ranking, diagramming, and analysis that drive planning and action.