مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	مقیاس هویت قومی چندگروهی	مقیاس فاصله اجتماعی
حوزه	پرستاری فرافرهنگی	پرستاری فرافرهنگی
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1992	1933
پدیدآور	Phinney, J. S.	Emory Bogardus
نوع	Self-report	Self-report
منبع بنیادین	Phinney, J. S. (1992). The Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure: A new scale for use with adolescents and young adults from diverse groups. Journal of Adolescent Research, 7(2), 156–176.	Bogardus, E. S. (1933). A social distance scale. Sociology and Social Research, 17(3), 265–271.
نام‌های دیگر	MEIM, MEIM-R	SDS, Bogardus Scale
مرتبط	4	4
خلاصه	The Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM) is a self-report instrument designed to assess ethnic identity development among adolescents and young adults from diverse ethnic and cultural backgrounds. Originally developed by Phinney in 1992, the MEIM measures two primary dimensions: ethnic identity search (active exploration of one's ethnicity) and affirmation-belonging-commitment (positive feelings and sense of belonging to one's ethnic group). The instrument is widely used in developmental, clinical, and health research to evaluate ethnic identity formation, its relationship to psychological well-being, and health outcomes across diverse populations.	The Social Distance Scale (SDS), also known as the Bogardus Scale, is a classic sociological instrument designed to measure the degree of social acceptance, prejudice, or social distance that individuals feel toward members of different ethnic, racial, or social groups. Originally developed by Emory Bogardus in 1933 and updated by researchers including Parrillo and Donoghue, the SDS assesses willingness for increasing levels of contact and intimacy with outgroup members, from casual acquaintance to family relationships. The scale is widely used in sociology, psychology, and health research to evaluate attitudes toward diversity and to track changes in intergroup relations.