مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	ارزیابی اثرات زیست‌محیطی	تعیین ماهیت فلزات سنگین
حوزه	مهندسی محیط زیست	مهندسی محیط زیست
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1970	1979
پدیدآور	U.S. National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)	Tessier and hydrogeochemists
نوع	systematic assessment and decision-support pipeline	analytical and geochemical modeling pipeline
منبع بنیادین	Glasson, J., Therivel, R., & Chadwick, A. (2005). Introduction to Environmental Impact Assessment (3rd ed.). Routledge. ISBN: 978-0415303910	Tessier, A., Campbell, P. G. C., & Bisson, M. (1979). Sequential Extraction Procedure for the Speciation of Particulate Trace Metals. Analytical Chemistry, 51(7), 844–851.
نام‌های دیگر	EIA, impact assessment, environmental screening, cumulative effects assessment	metal speciation, metal partitioning, bioavailability assessment, speciation analysis
مرتبط	4	3
خلاصه	Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a systematic, structured process to identify, predict, and evaluate the environmental and social consequences of proposed development projects (infrastructure, extraction, manufacturing) before implementation. Mandated by law in most jurisdictions since the 1970s (NEPA in USA, EU Directive 2011/92/EU), EIA integrates scientific analysis of air quality, water resources, biodiversity, noise, and socioeconomic effects with stakeholder consultation and decision-making frameworks to inform project approval, design modification, or rejection.	Heavy metal speciation is the analytical and geochemical determination of the chemical forms (species) and partitioning of toxic metals (lead, cadmium, chromium, zinc, copper) in soil, sediment, and water. Metal bioavailability—the fraction accessible to organisms—depends critically on speciation: metal bound to soil organic matter or iron oxides is immobile and non-bioavailable; dissolved or exchangeable metal is highly bioavailable and toxic. Speciation assessment informs remediation design, risk assessment, and contaminant fate prediction.