مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	ارزیابی اثرات زیست‌محیطی	مدل‌سازی آلودگی آب‌های زیرزمینی
حوزه	مهندسی محیط زیست	مهندسی محیط زیست
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1970	1988
پدیدآور	U.S. National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)	USGS and hydrogeology researchers
نوع	systematic assessment and decision-support pipeline	numerical simulation pipeline
منبع بنیادین	Glasson, J., Therivel, R., & Chadwick, A. (2005). Introduction to Environmental Impact Assessment (3rd ed.). Routledge. ISBN: 978-0415303910	Fetter, C. W., Boving, T. B., & Kreamer, D. K. (2018). Contaminant Hydrogeology (3rd ed.). Waveland Press. ISBN: 978-1478625315
نام‌های دیگر	EIA, impact assessment, environmental screening, cumulative effects assessment	groundwater transport, contaminant plume modeling, subsurface flow and transport, GWHC modeling
مرتبط	4	3
خلاصه	Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a systematic, structured process to identify, predict, and evaluate the environmental and social consequences of proposed development projects (infrastructure, extraction, manufacturing) before implementation. Mandated by law in most jurisdictions since the 1970s (NEPA in USA, EU Directive 2011/92/EU), EIA integrates scientific analysis of air quality, water resources, biodiversity, noise, and socioeconomic effects with stakeholder consultation and decision-making frameworks to inform project approval, design modification, or rejection.	Groundwater contamination modeling is a quantitative approach to predict the migration of dissolved and suspended contaminants (chemical spills, landfill leachate, petroleum, radionuclides) through subsurface aquifers and toward receptors (drinking water wells, surface water bodies, ecosystems). Developed systematically in the 1980s–1990s by the USGS and hydrogeologists, these models couple flow equations (Darcy's law) with advection-dispersion transport and geochemical reactions to forecast contaminant arrival times and plume extent.