مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	Elite Cue Experiment	Issue Framing Experiment
حوزه	روان‌شناسی سیاسی	روان‌شناسی سیاسی
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1992	1997
پدیدآور	John Zaller; Stephen Nicholson	Thomas Nelson; Dennis Chong & James Druckman
نوع	Survey experiment on source cues	Survey/lab experiment
منبع بنیادین	Zaller, J. R. (1992). The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN: 9780521407861	Nelson, T. E., Clawson, R. A., & Oxley, Z. M. (1997). Media framing of a civil liberties conflict and its effect on tolerance. American Political Science Review, 91(3), 567-583.
نام‌های دیگر	Party Cue Experiment, Source Cue Persuasion Experiment, Partisan Endorsement Cue Design, Elite Endorsement Experiment	Framing Effects Experiment, Emphasis Framing Study, Equivalence Framing Experiment
مرتبط	3	4
خلاصه	An elite cue experiment isolates the persuasive power of source endorsements by holding a policy message constant and randomly varying who is said to support it. Grounded in John Zaller's receive-accept-sample model of mass opinion, which holds that citizens take cues from trusted political elites rather than reasoning from first principles, the design reveals how much opinion moves simply because a party or leader takes a side. Stephen Nicholson's work on polarizing cues shows that in-party endorsements can persuade while out-party endorsements provoke backlash, making the cue, not the argument, the engine of opinion change.	An issue framing experiment manipulates how a political issue is described, emphasizing different considerations, to test how framing shifts opinion. Nelson, Clawson and Oxley's (1997) classic study showed that framing a Klan rally as a free-speech issue versus a public-order issue changed tolerance judgments, and Chong and Druckman (2007) systematized framing theory and the experimental methods used to estimate framing effects.