مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	مطالعه اکولوژیک	تحلیل دوز-پاسخ
حوزه	اپیدمیولوژی	اپیدمیولوژی
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	19th century (Snow 1854); formalised mid-20th century	Conceptual roots 16th century; modern epidemiological application mid-20th century
پدیدآور	Various; foundational work by John Snow (1854) and systematised in modern form by Brian MacMahon and colleagues	Paracelsus (conceptual foundation); formalized by John Snow and later Bradford Hill
نوع	Observational epidemiological study	Quantitative analytical method
منبع بنیادین	Morgenstern, H. (1995). Ecologic studies in epidemiology: concepts, principles, and methods. Annual Review of Public Health, 16(1), 61–81.	Rothman, K. J., Greenland, S., & Lash, T. L. (2008). Modern Epidemiology (3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN: 978-0781755641
نام‌های دیگر	aggregate study, correlational study, ecological correlation study, population-level study	exposure-response analysis, concentration-response modeling, dose-response modeling, DRA
مرتبط	5	4
خلاصه	An ecological study is an observational epidemiological design in which the unit of analysis is a group or population — a country, region, city, or time period — rather than an individual. Exposures and outcomes are measured as aggregates (rates, proportions, or means) and then correlated across groups to generate or evaluate hypotheses about population-level associations between risk factors and disease.	Dose-response analysis quantifies the relationship between the magnitude of an exposure (the dose) and the probability or rate of an outcome (the response). It is a core analytical strategy in epidemiology and toxicology, providing evidence that increasing exposure systematically increases — or decreases — the risk of disease. A demonstrated dose-response gradient is one of Bradford Hill's classic criteria supporting causal inference.