مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	مقیاس تجربیات گسسته (DES)	مقیاس درجه‌بندی شیدایی جوانان (YMRS)
حوزه	روان‌پزشکی	روان‌پزشکی
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1986	1978
پدیدآور	Frank W. Putnam	Robert C. Young
نوع	Self-report questionnaire	Clinician-administered rating scale
منبع بنیادین	Bernstein, E. M., & Putnam, F. W. (1986). Development, reliability, and validity of a dissociation scale. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 174(12), 727–735.	Young, R. C., Biggs, J. T., Ziegler, V. E., & Meyer, D. A. (1978). A rating scale for mania: Reliability, validity and sensitivity. British Journal of Psychiatry, 133(5), 429–435.
نام‌های دیگر	DES, DES-II (revised)	YMRS
مرتبط	3	3
خلاصه	The DES is a 28-item self-report questionnaire designed to measure the frequency and severity of dissociative symptoms, including depersonalization (feeling detached from one's body), derealization (feeling the world is unreal), amnesia, absorption (intense focus), and identity confusion. Developed by Bernstein and Putnam in 1986, it is the most widely used dissociation screening instrument in clinical and research settings. The DES helps identify dissociative disorders (dissociative identity disorder, other specified dissociative disorder), trauma-related dissociation, and dissociative symptoms in other psychiatric conditions.	The YMRS is an 11-item clinician-administered rating scale designed to assess the severity of manic and hypomanic symptoms in bipolar disorder. Developed by Young and colleagues in 1978, it is the gold standard outcome measure in bipolar disorder research and the primary efficacy endpoint in mood stabilizer and antipsychotic trials for acute mania. The YMRS captures core mania features (elevated mood, increased goal-directed activity, racing thoughts, reduced need for sleep, increased talkativeness, distractibility, and irritability) and is sensitive to both pharmacological and psychotherapeutic interventions.