مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	پدیدارشناسی توصیفی	تحلیل گفتمان	نظریه داده‌بنیاد	تحلیل روایی
حوزه	کیفی	پژوهش کیفی	پژوهش کیفی	کیفی
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1970s–1985 (systematised by Giorgi; refined 2009)	1989 (Fairclough); 1987 (Potter & Wetherell)	1967	1967 (foundational); 2008 (canonical handbook)
پدیدآور	Amedeo Giorgi (adapting Edmund Husserl's transcendental phenomenology)	Norman Fairclough; Jonathan Potter and Margaret Wetherell	Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss	Catherine Kohler Riessman (seminal synthesis, 2008); roots in Labov & Waletzky (1967)
نوع	Qualitative research method	Method	Method	Qualitative interpretive method
منبع بنیادین	Giorgi, A. (2009). The Descriptive Phenomenological Method in Psychology: A Modified Husserlian Approach. Duquesne University Press. ISBN: 978-0820703992	Fairclough, N. (1989). Language and power. Longman.	Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Aldine.	Riessman, C.K. (2008). Narrative Methods for the Human Sciences. Sage.
نام‌های دیگر	Giorgi method, empirical phenomenology, scientific phenomenology, Husserlian descriptive phenomenology	DA, Critical Discourse Analysis, Discursive Analysis	GT, Grounded Theory Approach	narrative inquiry, life history analysis, biographical research, Anlatı Analizi (Narrative Analysis)
مرتبط	6	2	3	6
خلاصه	Descriptive Phenomenology, systematised by Amedeo Giorgi at Duquesne University, is a rigorous qualitative method for uncovering the general psychological structure of a lived experience. Drawing directly on Husserl's transcendental phenomenology, Giorgi's four-step procedure — epoché, whole reading, meaning-unit discrimination, and transformation into disciplinary language — produces a stable, replicable description of what makes an experience essentially what it is, without theoretical interpretation or causal explanation.	Discourse analysis is a qualitative research methodology that examines how language, communication, and power shape meaning, identity, and social reality. Developed across linguistics, sociology, and psychology (particularly by Norman Fairclough and Jonathan Potter), discourse analysis goes beyond content to analyze language use as a social practice that constitutes and reflects power relations, ideologies, and social structures.	Grounded Theory (GT) is a systematic qualitative research methodology in which theory emerges directly from data through iterative analysis, rather than being imposed before data collection. Developed by Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss in 1967, GT prioritizes generating explanatory frameworks grounded in evidence.	Narrative analysis is a qualitative research method, synthesised canonically by Catherine Kohler Riessman (2008), that examines how individuals storise their lived experiences and construct meaning through the telling. Drawing on life history, biographical, and narrative inquiry traditions, it treats the story itself — not just its content — as the unit of analysis, attending to temporal sequence, plot structure, and the social context in which a narrative is produced.