مقایسهٔ روشها
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| تکنیک دلفی× | پیمایش حضوری× | |
|---|---|---|
| حوزه | روششناسی پیمایش | روششناسی پیمایش |
| خانواده | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| سال پیدایش≠ | 1950s–1963 | 1930s–1940s (systematic survey era) |
| پدیدآور≠ | Norman Dalkey and Olaf Helmer (RAND Corporation) | Established practice formalised in survey methodology (Gallup, Likert, and others from the 1930s–1940s) |
| نوع≠ | Iterative expert consensus technique | Quantitative / mixed-mode data collection |
| منبع بنیادین≠ | Dalkey, N., & Helmer, O. (1963). An experimental application of the Delphi method to the use of experts. Management Science, 9(3), 458–467. DOI ↗ | Fowler, F. J. (2014). Survey Research Methods (5th ed.). Sage Publications. ISBN: 978-1452259000 |
| نامهای دیگر | Delphi method, Delphi survey, expert consensus method, iterative expert panel | personal interview survey, in-person survey, PAPI survey, door-to-door survey |
| مرتبط≠ | 6 | 5 |
| خلاصه≠ | The Delphi technique is a structured, multi-round data collection method that harvests and refines expert opinion through iterative questionnaires and controlled feedback. Developed at RAND Corporation in the 1950s, it is designed to converge a dispersed expert panel toward a reliable consensus on complex, uncertain, or future-oriented questions — without the conformity pressures of face-to-face group discussion. | A face-to-face survey is a structured data collection method in which a trained interviewer meets respondents in person and administers a standardised questionnaire. The interviewer reads questions aloud, clarifies wording when permitted by protocol, and records answers — either on paper (PAPI) or a laptop/tablet (CAPI). This mode consistently achieves higher response rates and better data quality for complex or sensitive questionnaires than self-administered alternatives, and is the reference standard in large-scale population surveys. |
| ScholarGateمجموعهداده ↗ |
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