مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	پژوهش توصیفی مقطعی	پژوهش توصیفی
حوزه	طراحی پژوهش	طراحی پژوهش
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	Mid-20th century (1950s–1970s, widespread codification)	Late 19th century; formalized in social/behavioral sciences ~1960s–1980s
پدیدآور	Rooted in survey methodology traditions; formalized in epidemiology and social science research design texts of the mid-20th century	Francis Galton, Karl Pearson (early empirical tradition); formalized in social science by Fred Kerlinger
نوع	Quantitative observational research design	Non-experimental quantitative research design
منبع بنیادین	Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (4th ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-1452226101	Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (4th ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-1452226101
نام‌های دیگر	cross-sectional survey, descriptive cross-sectional study, prevalence study, one-shot descriptive survey	descriptive study, descriptive survey design, observational descriptive research, non-experimental descriptive research
مرتبط	3	3
خلاصه	Cross-sectional descriptive research collects data from a population or sample at a single point in time to portray the current distribution of characteristics, attitudes, behaviors, or conditions. It answers 'what is happening now?' questions without manipulating variables or following participants over time. Widely used in epidemiology, education, psychology, and the social sciences, it is the foundation for prevalence estimates, needs assessments, and baseline profiling.	Descriptive research is a non-experimental quantitative design that systematically documents the characteristics, frequencies, or distributions of variables in a defined population at a given point in time. It answers 'what is' questions — who, what, when, where, and how much — without manipulating variables or drawing causal conclusions. It is one of the most widely used research designs across the social, behavioral, health, and education sciences.