مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	نِت‌نگاری انتقادی	قوم‌نگاری انتقادی
حوزه	کیفی	کیفی
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	Late 1990s–2000s (netnography); critical applications prominent from 2000s onward	Late 20th century (~1980s–1993 systematisation)
پدیدآور	Robert V. Kozinets (netnography); critical strand developed through integration with critical theory traditions (e.g., critical race theory, feminist theory)	Jim Thomas (systematised); rooted in Frankfurt School critical theory (Adorno, Horkheimer) and feminist/postcolonial traditions
نوع	Qualitative online research design	Qualitative research method
منبع بنیادین	Kozinets, R. V. (2020). Netnography: The Essential Guide to Qualitative Social Media Research (3rd ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-1526458414	Thomas, J. (1993). Doing Critical Ethnography. Sage Publications.
نام‌های دیگر	critical online ethnography, critical internet ethnography, critical digital netnography, netnography with critical theory	critical ethnographic research, critical qualitative ethnography, advocacy ethnography, emancipatory ethnography
مرتبط	6	6
خلاصه	Critical netnography applies the ethnographic toolkit of netnography to online communities while foregrounding a critical theoretical lens — such as critical race theory, feminist theory, or postcolonial theory. Rather than merely describing online culture, it interrogates how power, inequality, and ideology operate within and through digital spaces, making the approach particularly suited to researchers who wish to both understand online life and challenge the social conditions it reflects.	Critical ethnography is a qualitative research approach that combines sustained fieldwork immersion with explicit critical theory to examine how power, inequality, and ideology shape the lived experiences of marginalised communities. Unlike conventional ethnography, which aims to describe a culture as it is, critical ethnography commits the researcher to questioning what is taken for granted and to producing knowledge that can serve as a resource for social change. Rooted in Frankfurt School critical theory and expanded through feminist, postcolonial, and race-critical traditions, it treats the research process itself as a political act.