مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	قوم‌نگاری انتقادی	نظریه داده‌بنیاد
حوزه	کیفی	پژوهش کیفی
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	Late 20th century (~1980s–1993 systematisation)	1967
پدیدآور	Jim Thomas (systematised); rooted in Frankfurt School critical theory (Adorno, Horkheimer) and feminist/postcolonial traditions	Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss
نوع	Qualitative research method	Method
منبع بنیادین	Thomas, J. (1993). Doing Critical Ethnography. Sage Publications.	Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Aldine.
نام‌های دیگر	critical ethnographic research, critical qualitative ethnography, advocacy ethnography, emancipatory ethnography	GT, Grounded Theory Approach
مرتبط	6	3
خلاصه	Critical ethnography is a qualitative research approach that combines sustained fieldwork immersion with explicit critical theory to examine how power, inequality, and ideology shape the lived experiences of marginalised communities. Unlike conventional ethnography, which aims to describe a culture as it is, critical ethnography commits the researcher to questioning what is taken for granted and to producing knowledge that can serve as a resource for social change. Rooted in Frankfurt School critical theory and expanded through feminist, postcolonial, and race-critical traditions, it treats the research process itself as a political act.	Grounded Theory (GT) is a systematic qualitative research methodology in which theory emerges directly from data through iterative analysis, rather than being imposed before data collection. Developed by Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss in 1967, GT prioritizes generating explanatory frameworks grounded in evidence.