مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	قوم‌نگاری انتقادی	تحلیل گفتمان	قوم‌نگاری	نظریه داده‌بنیاد
حوزه	کیفی	پژوهش کیفی	کیفی	پژوهش کیفی
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	Late 20th century (~1980s–1993 systematisation)	1989 (Fairclough); 1987 (Potter & Wetherell)	c. 1922 (Malinowski's Argonauts of the Western Pacific)	1967
پدیدآور	Jim Thomas (systematised); rooted in Frankfurt School critical theory (Adorno, Horkheimer) and feminist/postcolonial traditions	Norman Fairclough; Jonathan Potter and Margaret Wetherell	Bronisław Malinowski (modern ethnography); rooted in 19th-century anthropology	Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss
نوع	Qualitative research method	Method	Qualitative fieldwork tradition	Method
منبع بنیادین	Thomas, J. (1993). Doing Critical Ethnography. Sage Publications.	Fairclough, N. (1989). Language and power. Longman.	Hammersley, M. & Atkinson, P. (2019). Ethnography: Principles in Practice (4th ed.). Routledge. ISBN: 978-1138504462	Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Aldine.
نام‌های دیگر	critical ethnographic research, critical qualitative ethnography, advocacy ethnography, emancipatory ethnography	DA, Critical Discourse Analysis, Discursive Analysis	Etnografi, participant observation, fieldwork, ethnographic research	GT, Grounded Theory Approach
مرتبط	6	2	5	3
خلاصه	Critical ethnography is a qualitative research approach that combines sustained fieldwork immersion with explicit critical theory to examine how power, inequality, and ideology shape the lived experiences of marginalised communities. Unlike conventional ethnography, which aims to describe a culture as it is, critical ethnography commits the researcher to questioning what is taken for granted and to producing knowledge that can serve as a resource for social change. Rooted in Frankfurt School critical theory and expanded through feminist, postcolonial, and race-critical traditions, it treats the research process itself as a political act.	Discourse analysis is a qualitative research methodology that examines how language, communication, and power shape meaning, identity, and social reality. Developed across linguistics, sociology, and psychology (particularly by Norman Fairclough and Jonathan Potter), discourse analysis goes beyond content to analyze language use as a social practice that constitutes and reflects power relations, ideologies, and social structures.	Ethnography is a qualitative research tradition in which a researcher immerses themselves in a social group or community over an extended period — typically three to six months or longer — to study its culture, values, and behaviours in their natural setting. Originating in social and cultural anthropology, and consolidated as a rigorous method by Bronisław Malinowski in the early twentieth century, ethnography produces rich, contextualised accounts of how people live, work, and make meaning together.	Grounded Theory (GT) is a systematic qualitative research methodology in which theory emerges directly from data through iterative analysis, rather than being imposed before data collection. Developed by Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss in 1967, GT prioritizes generating explanatory frameworks grounded in evidence.