مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	قوم‌نگاری انتقادی	تحلیل گفتمان
حوزه	کیفی	پژوهش کیفی
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	Late 20th century (~1980s–1993 systematisation)	1989 (Fairclough); 1987 (Potter & Wetherell)
پدیدآور	Jim Thomas (systematised); rooted in Frankfurt School critical theory (Adorno, Horkheimer) and feminist/postcolonial traditions	Norman Fairclough; Jonathan Potter and Margaret Wetherell
نوع	Qualitative research method	Method
منبع بنیادین	Thomas, J. (1993). Doing Critical Ethnography. Sage Publications.	Fairclough, N. (1989). Language and power. Longman.
نام‌های دیگر	critical ethnographic research, critical qualitative ethnography, advocacy ethnography, emancipatory ethnography	DA, Critical Discourse Analysis, Discursive Analysis
مرتبط	6	2
خلاصه	Critical ethnography is a qualitative research approach that combines sustained fieldwork immersion with explicit critical theory to examine how power, inequality, and ideology shape the lived experiences of marginalised communities. Unlike conventional ethnography, which aims to describe a culture as it is, critical ethnography commits the researcher to questioning what is taken for granted and to producing knowledge that can serve as a resource for social change. Rooted in Frankfurt School critical theory and expanded through feminist, postcolonial, and race-critical traditions, it treats the research process itself as a political act.	Discourse analysis is a qualitative research methodology that examines how language, communication, and power shape meaning, identity, and social reality. Developed across linguistics, sociology, and psychology (particularly by Norman Fairclough and Jonathan Potter), discourse analysis goes beyond content to analyze language use as a social practice that constitutes and reflects power relations, ideologies, and social structures.