مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	تحلیل گفتمان انتقادی	تحلیل محتوا	قوم‌نگاری	نظریه داده‌بنیاد
حوزه	کیفی	کیفی	کیفی	پژوهش کیفی
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	Late 1970s–1990s (systematised ~1979–1995)	Systematised through Krippendorff's methodology work; 4th edition 2018	c. 1922 (Malinowski's Argonauts of the Western Pacific)	1967
پدیدآور	Norman Fairclough; Teun A. van Dijk; Ruth Wodak	Klaus Krippendorff (systematic formulation); roots in early 20th-century communications research	Bronisław Malinowski (modern ethnography); rooted in 19th-century anthropology	Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss
نوع	Qualitative research method	Qualitative / mixed-method research technique	Qualitative fieldwork tradition	Method
منبع بنیادین	Fairclough, N. (1992). Discourse and Social Change. Polity Press.	Krippendorff, K. (2018). Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology (4th ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-1506395661	Hammersley, M. & Atkinson, P. (2019). Ethnography: Principles in Practice (4th ed.). Routledge. ISBN: 978-1138504462	Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Aldine.
نام‌های دیگر	CDA, Critical Linguistics, Discourse-Historical Approach, Dialectical-Relational Analysis	İçerik Analizi, systematic content coding, quantitative content analysis	Etnografi, participant observation, fieldwork, ethnographic research	GT, Grounded Theory Approach
مرتبط	6	5	5	3
خلاصه	Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is a qualitative method that examines how language in texts and talk constructs, sustains, and challenges relations of power, ideology, and social inequality. Drawing on linguistics, social theory, and critical philosophy, CDA treats discourse not merely as communication but as social practice — a site where dominance is reproduced and where resistance can be articulated. Developed in the late twentieth century by Norman Fairclough, Teun van Dijk, and Ruth Wodak, among others, CDA is applied to political speeches, media texts, policy documents, educational materials, and institutional interactions.	Content analysis is a systematic research technique for reducing text, visual, or media material into coded categories so that patterns can be counted, compared, and interpreted. Formalised by Klaus Krippendorff in his widely cited methodology textbook (latest edition 2018), the method sits at the boundary of qualitative and quantitative inquiry: it imposes structured, replicable coding on inherently meaning-laden material.	Ethnography is a qualitative research tradition in which a researcher immerses themselves in a social group or community over an extended period — typically three to six months or longer — to study its culture, values, and behaviours in their natural setting. Originating in social and cultural anthropology, and consolidated as a rigorous method by Bronisław Malinowski in the early twentieth century, ethnography produces rich, contextualised accounts of how people live, work, and make meaning together.	Grounded Theory (GT) is a systematic qualitative research methodology in which theory emerges directly from data through iterative analysis, rather than being imposed before data collection. Developed by Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss in 1967, GT prioritizes generating explanatory frameworks grounded in evidence.