مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	دستورالعمل‌های کمیته اخلاق در انتشار (COPE)	فرایند بازپس‌گیری مقاله
حوزه	اخلاق انتشار	اخلاق انتشار
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1997	1948
پدیدآور	Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)	Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE); Retraction Watch initiative
نوع	Standard	Process
منبع بنیادین	Committee on Publication Ethics (2023). COPE Guidelines. COPE Website.	Committee on Publication Ethics (2019). Retraction Guidelines. COPE.
نام‌های دیگر	COPE, Publication Ethics Flowcharts, Editorial Guidelines	Retraction Notice, Paper Retraction, Correction Notice
مرتبط	4	4
خلاصه	The Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), founded in 1997, is an international organization of journal editors and publishers that promotes and advances research integrity and publication ethics. COPE provides practical guidance through flowcharts, position statements, and ethical guidelines addressing misconduct (fabrication, falsification, plagiarism), authorship disputes, conflicts of interest, and corrections. COPE's resources are freely available and adopted by thousands of journals globally. COPE is not a regulator; it advises editors and researchers on handling ethical issues and promotes a culture of integrity in publishing.	An article retraction is the invalidation of a published article due to serious flaws (data fraud, major methodological errors, ethical violations) that undermine its conclusions. Retractions are distinct from corrections (which address minor errors) and are initiated by authors, editors, or institutions when integrity is compromised. The first modern retraction was published in 1948. COPE published formal Retraction Guidelines in 2009 (updated 2019) that specify when retraction is appropriate, how it is conducted, and how retraction notices are recorded. Retracted articles remain in the literature with a visible 'RETRACTED' watermark, preserving the scientific record and warning readers.