مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	قوم نگاری دیجیتال مقایسه‌ای	نتنوگرافی
حوزه	کیفی	کیفی
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1995–2000 (multi-sited framework 1995; virtual ethnography 2000)	1997 (coined); 2010 (first comprehensive methodology book)
پدیدآور	Christine Hine (digital ethnography); George E. Marcus (multi-sited ethnography)	Robert V. Kozinets
نوع	Qualitative research design	Qualitative research method
منبع بنیادین	Hine, C. (2000). Virtual Ethnography. Sage. ISBN: 978-0761958963	Kozinets, R. V. (2010). Netnography: Doing Ethnographic Research Online. Sage. ISBN: 978-1847875907
نام‌های دیگر	CDE, multi-site digital ethnography, cross-platform ethnography, comparative virtual ethnography	online ethnography, virtual ethnography, cyber-ethnography, digital ethnography
مرتبط	5	6
خلاصه	Comparative Digital Ethnography (CDE) is a qualitative design that applies ethnographic methods — sustained participant observation, interview, and artefact analysis — across two or more digital settings simultaneously. By systematically comparing practices, meanings, and interactions in different online environments (e.g., distinct platforms, communities, or national contexts), CDE surfaces both site-specific patterns and cross-cutting cultural logics that a single-site study would miss.	Netnography is a qualitative research method that adapts the principles of cultural ethnography to the study of online communities and social media environments. Coined by Robert Kozinets in 1997 and systematised in his 2010 handbook, netnography treats digital spaces — forums, social networks, blogs, review sites — as naturally occurring field sites where communities gather, share meanings, and construct identities. The method combines unobtrusive observation of digital traces with active participation and, where appropriate, direct member interaction.