مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	قوم نگاری دیجیتال مقایسه‌ای	مطالعه موردی تطبیقی	قوم‌نگاری دیجیتال	نتنوگرافی
حوزه	کیفی	کیفی	کیفی	کیفی
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1995–2000 (multi-sited framework 1995; virtual ethnography 2000)	1984 (Yin); 1995 (Stake)	Late 1990s – 2000s	1997 (coined); 2010 (first comprehensive methodology book)
پدیدآور	Christine Hine (digital ethnography); George E. Marcus (multi-sited ethnography)	Robert K. Yin; Robert E. Stake	Christine Hine (virtual ethnography); Robert V. Kozinets (netnography)	Robert V. Kozinets
نوع	Qualitative research design	Qualitative / mixed research design	Qualitative research method	Qualitative research method
منبع بنیادین	Hine, C. (2000). Virtual Ethnography. Sage. ISBN: 978-0761958963	Yin, R. K. (2018). Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods (6th ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-1506336169	Kozinets, R. V. (2010). Netnography: Doing Ethnographic Research Online. Sage. ISBN: 978-1847875228	Kozinets, R. V. (2010). Netnography: Doing Ethnographic Research Online. Sage. ISBN: 978-1847875907
نام‌های دیگر	CDE, multi-site digital ethnography, cross-platform ethnography, comparative virtual ethnography	cross-case study, multi-site case study, multiple case study design, comparative case analysis	online ethnography, virtual ethnography, internet ethnography, netnography	online ethnography, virtual ethnography, cyber-ethnography, digital ethnography
مرتبط	5	4	6	6
خلاصه	Comparative Digital Ethnography (CDE) is a qualitative design that applies ethnographic methods — sustained participant observation, interview, and artefact analysis — across two or more digital settings simultaneously. By systematically comparing practices, meanings, and interactions in different online environments (e.g., distinct platforms, communities, or national contexts), CDE surfaces both site-specific patterns and cross-cutting cultural logics that a single-site study would miss.	Comparative case study is a qualitative research design in which two or more bounded cases are studied in depth and then systematically compared to identify similarities, differences, and patterns across contexts. Rooted in Yin's replication logic and Stake's multiple case framework, it is particularly suited to questions that ask how or why a phenomenon unfolds differently — or similarly — across distinct settings, populations, or time periods.	Digital ethnography is a qualitative research method that adapts traditional ethnographic fieldwork to online and digitally mediated settings. Drawing on sustained participant observation, document collection, and sometimes interviews, the researcher immerses themselves in one or more digital communities — social media platforms, forums, gaming spaces, or messaging groups — to understand how culture, identity, and social practice are constructed through digital interaction. The approach recognises that online spaces are not merely reflections of offline life but distinctive sites of cultural production in their own right.	Netnography is a qualitative research method that adapts the principles of cultural ethnography to the study of online communities and social media environments. Coined by Robert Kozinets in 1997 and systematised in his 2010 handbook, netnography treats digital spaces — forums, social networks, blogs, review sites — as naturally occurring field sites where communities gather, share meanings, and construct identities. The method combines unobtrusive observation of digital traces with active participation and, where appropriate, direct member interaction.