مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	Common Method Bias Remedies	Multitrait-Multimethod Matrix
حوزه	رفتار سازمانی	رفتار سازمانی
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	2003	1959
پدیدآور	Philip Podsakoff, Scott MacKenzie, Jeong-Yeon Lee & Nathan Podsakoff; Michael Lindell & David Whitney	Donald T. Campbell & Donald W. Fiske; Keith F. Widaman
نوع	Procedural and statistical remedies for method-induced bias	Construct-validation matrix and covariance-structure modeling pipeline
منبع بنیادین	Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879-903.	Campbell, D. T., & Fiske, D. W. (1959). Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 56(2), 81-105.
نام‌های دیگر	Common Method Variance Remedies, CMV Controls, Harman's Single-Factor Test, Marker Variable Technique	MTMM, Multitrait-Multimethod Analysis, Campbell-Fiske Matrix, CFA-MTMM
مرتبط	3	3
خلاصه	Common method bias remedies are the procedural and statistical tools researchers use to detect and reduce the spurious covariance that arises when constructs are measured with the same method — typically a single self-report survey. Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Lee, and Podsakoff's 2003 review crystallized the problem, cataloguing the many sources of method bias and the design and analysis safeguards available, and it became the field's reference point. Because the same respondent, rating scale, and occasion can inflate correlations among unrelated constructs, method variance can manufacture or distort relationships that researchers then mistake for substance. The remedies fall into two families: procedural design choices that prevent method variance from entering the data, and statistical techniques that diagnose or partial it out afterward. Lindell and Whitney's marker-variable approach and Williams, Hartman, and Cavazotte's confirmatory-factor-analysis marker technique are the leading statistical correctives. Used together, these remedies make method bias a problem to be designed against and tested for rather than assumed away.	The multitrait-multimethod matrix is the classic framework for establishing construct validity by measuring several traits with several methods and examining the resulting pattern of correlations. Donald Campbell and Donald Fiske introduced it in 1959, arguing that validating a construct requires showing both convergent validity — different methods of measuring the same trait agree — and discriminant validity — measures of different traits diverge even when they share a method. The matrix lays out every correlation among trait-method combinations so that these patterns can be read off systematically, while also exposing method variance, the tendency of measures sharing a method to correlate for the wrong reasons. Campbell and Fiske's original criteria were inspectional rules of thumb; Keith Widaman's 1985 work recast the matrix as a family of nested confirmatory factor models, providing formal significance tests for convergent validity, discriminant validity, and method variance. The MTMM matrix remains a foundational tool for asking whether a measure captures the construct it claims to.