مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	Coale Fertility Indices	Bongaarts Proximate Determinants
حوزه	جمعیت‌شناسی	جمعیت‌شناسی
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1969	1978
پدیدآور	Ansley J. Coale (Princeton European Fertility Project)	John Bongaarts
نوع	Standardized indices of fertility relative to a maximum (Hutterite) schedule	Multiplicative decomposition of fertility into behavioural and biological factors
منبع بنیادین	Coale, A. J., & Watkins, S. C. (Eds.). (1986). The Decline of Fertility in Europe. Princeton University Press. ISBN: 9780691629278	Bongaarts, J. (1978). A framework for analyzing the proximate determinants of fertility. Population and Development Review, 4(1), 105–132.
نام‌های دیگر	Coale's Indices, Princeton European Fertility Project Indices, Indices of Overall, Marital and Nuptiality Fertility	Proximate determinants framework, Bongaarts fertility-inhibiting indices, Cm Cc Ca Ci model, Yakın Belirleyiciler Çerçevesi
مرتبط	4	4
خلاصه	Coale's fertility indices are a set of standardized measures — If (overall fertility), Ig (marital fertility), Ih (nonmarital fertility), and Im (proportion married, an index of marriage) — that express a population's childbearing relative to the highest reliably recorded natural-fertility schedule, that of the Hutterites. Devised by Ansley Coale for the Princeton European Fertility Project, they hold the maximum age schedule of fertility fixed so that differences between populations reflect real differences in fertility and marriage rather than age structure, and they tie together into a single identity linking overall fertility to marriage and to fertility within and outside marriage.	The Bongaarts framework of the proximate determinants of fertility decomposes a population's fertility into a biological maximum reduced by a small set of directly fertility-inhibiting factors: the proportion of women in sexual unions, contraceptive use, induced abortion, and postpartum infecundability. By expressing observed fertility as total fecundity multiplied by four indices between zero and one, it quantifies how much each behavioural and biological channel suppresses fertility below its potential ceiling.