مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	کارآزمایی تصادفی خوشه‌ای	آزمایش میدانی	آزمایش تصادفی کنترل‌شده (RCT)
حوزه	پژوهش بالینی	طراحی آزمایش	طراحی آزمایش
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Hypothesis test
سال پیدایش	1999-2000	1920s–1930s (agriculture); 1990s–2000s (social sciences)	1948
پدیدآور	Campbell, Grimshaw, Elbourne et al.	Formalized by R. A. Fisher (1935); systematized in social sciences by Harrison & List (2004)	James Lind (early precursor, 1747); modern formulation: Austin Bradford Hill & Medical Research Council (1948)
نوع	Research Design	Experimental design	Interventional comparative study
منبع بنیادین	Campbell, M. K., Grimshaw, J. M., & Elbourne, D. R. (2000). Intracluster correlation coefficients in cluster randomized trials: empirical insights into how should they be reported. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 4, 30.	Harrison, G. W., & List, J. A. (2004). Field experiments. Journal of Economic Literature, 42(4), 1009–1055.	Schulz, K.F., Altman, D.G., Moher, D., for the CONSORT Group (2010). CONSORT 2010 Statement: Updated Guidelines for Reporting Parallel Group Randomised Trials. BMJ, 340, c332.
نام‌های دیگر	CRT, cluster RCT, cluster trial, group randomization	field trial, natural field experiment, randomized field experiment, field RCT	RCT, randomised controlled trial, clinical trial, Randomize Kontrollü Çalışma (RCT) Tasarımı
مرتبط	3	5	7
خلاصه	A cluster randomized trial (CRT) randomizes intact groups—schools, clinics, villages, or hospital wards—rather than individuals. Developed by Campbell, Grimshaw, and colleagues in the late 1990s to address real-world settings where intervention delivery or contamination occurs at the group level, CRTs are now standard for evaluating population-level, community-based, and policy interventions.	A field experiment applies the logic of a randomized controlled trial in a naturally occurring, real-world environment rather than an artificial laboratory. Participants are randomly assigned to treatment and control conditions while going about everyday activities, allowing researchers to estimate causal effects with high internal validity while preserving a level of ecological realism that laboratory settings cannot offer. The design is especially prominent in economics, public health, political science, and development research.	A randomized controlled trial (RCT) is the gold standard experimental design in clinical and health research, in which participants are randomly allocated to a treatment group or a control group so that the effect of an intervention can be measured with the highest possible degree of internal validity. The modern parallel-group RCT was formalized by Austin Bradford Hill and the Medical Research Council in their landmark streptomycin trial of 1948, and its reporting is governed today by the CONSORT 2010 guidelines (Schulz et al., 2010).