مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	پراکنش دورانی (Circular Dichroism)	MALDI-TOF	رزونانس پلاسمون سطحی
حوزه	طیف‌سنجی	طیف‌سنجی	طیف‌سنجی
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1969	1988	1971
پدیدآور	Jean-Claude Fasman	Michael Karas	Erich Kretschmann
نوع	Spectroscopic method	Ionization and mass analysis technique	Optical technique
منبع بنیادین	Greenfield, N. J., & Fasman, G. D. (1969). Computed circular dichroism spectra for protein secondary structures. Biochemistry, 8(10), 4108-4116.	Karas, M., & Hillenkamp, F. (1988). Laser desorption ionization of proteins with molecular masses exceeding 10,000 daltons. Analytical Chemistry, 60(20), 2299-2301.	Kretschmann, E. (1971). Determination of optical constants of metals by excitation of surface plasmons. Zeitschrift für Physik, 241(4), 313-324.
نام‌های دیگر	CD spectroscopy, circular dichroism, CD analysis	MALDI mass spectrometry, MALDI-TOF-MS, laser desorption mass spectrometry	SPR, surface plasmon, SPR biosensing
مرتبط	3	3	3
خلاصه	Circular Dichroism (CD) spectroscopy measures the differential absorption of left- and right-circularly polarized light by optically active molecules, particularly proteins and nucleic acids. Introduced by Greenfield and Fasman in 1969, CD is a rapid, non-destructive technique for characterizing secondary structure (alpha-helix, beta-sheet), monitoring protein folding transitions, and assessing conformational changes in response to pH, temperature, or ligand binding.	Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization (MALDI) combined with Time-of-Flight (TOF) mass analysis, or MALDI-TOF, is a soft ionization mass spectrometry technique that gently ionizes intact biomolecules and volatile organic compounds, then measures their mass-to-charge ratio by measuring flight time through a field-free drift region. Introduced independently by Karas, Hillenkamp, and Tanaka in 1988, MALDI-TOF revolutionized proteomics, microbiology, and organic analysis by enabling mass determination of proteins and polymers exceeding 100 kDa.	Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) is a real-time, label-free technique for detecting and monitoring biomolecular interactions at a sensor surface by measuring changes in the refractive index caused by ligand binding. Developed by Kretschmann in 1971 and applied to biosensing by Liedberg, Nylander, and Lundström in 1983, SPR is now a gold standard for measuring binding kinetics (association and dissociation rates) and equilibrium binding constants in protein interactions, antibody-antigen recognition, and drug discovery.