مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	آزمون استقلال کی-دو	کاپای فلیس برای توافق بین چند ارزیاب
حوزه	آمار	آمار
خانواده	Hypothesis test	Hypothesis test
سال پیدایش	1900	1971
پدیدآور	Karl Pearson	Joseph L. Fleiss
نوع	Nonparametric test of association	Non-parametric agreement measure
منبع بنیادین	Pearson, K. (1900). On the criterion that a given system of deviations from the probable in the case of a correlated system of variables is such that it can be reasonably supposed to have arisen from random sampling. Philosophical Magazine, 50(302), 157–175.	Fleiss, J.L. (1971). Measuring Nominal Scale Agreement Among Many Raters. Psychological Bulletin, 76(5), 378–382.
نام‌های دیگر	chi-squared test, Pearson's chi-square test, test of independence, ki-kare bağımsızlık testi	multi-rater kappa, Fleiss kappa, Fleiss' Kappa (Çoklu Değerlendirici Uyumu)
مرتبط	2	2
خلاصه	The chi-square test of independence is a nonparametric hypothesis test that examines whether two categorical variables are associated by comparing observed and expected frequencies in a cross-tabulation. It rests on the chi-square criterion introduced by Karl Pearson in 1900.	Fleiss' Kappa is a non-parametric statistic for measuring the degree of agreement among three or more raters who classify items into mutually exclusive nominal categories. Introduced by Joseph L. Fleiss in 1971 as a generalization of Cohen's Kappa beyond two raters, it corrects observed agreement for the level of agreement expected by chance alone, making it the standard reliability index in medical diagnosis studies, content analysis, and multi-coder research.