مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	آزمون استقلال کی-دو	ضریب V کرامر
حوزه	آمار	آمار
خانواده	Hypothesis test	Hypothesis test
سال پیدایش	1900	1946
پدیدآور	Karl Pearson	Harald Cramér
نوع	Nonparametric test of association	Nonparametric association measure
منبع بنیادین	Pearson, K. (1900). On the criterion that a given system of deviations from the probable in the case of a correlated system of variables is such that it can be reasonably supposed to have arisen from random sampling. Philosophical Magazine, 50(302), 157–175.	Cramér, H. (1946). Mathematical Methods of Statistics. Princeton University Press. ISBN: 978-0691080420
نام‌های دیگر	chi-squared test, Pearson's chi-square test, test of independence, ki-kare bağımsızlık testi	cramers v, cramer v, phi coefficient (r×c), Cramer's V (İlişki Kuvveti)
مرتبط	2	3
خلاصه	The chi-square test of independence is a nonparametric hypothesis test that examines whether two categorical variables are associated by comparing observed and expected frequencies in a cross-tabulation. It rests on the chi-square criterion introduced by Karl Pearson in 1900.	Cramer's V is a nonparametric effect-size statistic that measures the strength of association between two categorical variables on a scale from 0 to 1. Introduced by the Swedish mathematician Harald Cramér in his 1946 work Mathematical Methods of Statistics, it generalises the phi coefficient to tables of any size, making it the standard companion statistic to the chi-square test.