مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	تحلیل عاملی تأییدی (CFA)	تحلیل مؤلفه‌های اصلی	مدل‌سازی معادلات ساختاری (SEM)
حوزه	آمار	یادگیری ماشین	آمار
خانواده	Latent structure	Machine learning	Latent structure
سال پیدایش	1969	2002	1970
پدیدآور	Karl Jöreskog	Jolliffe, I.T. (textbook); Pearson & Hotelling (origins)	Karl Jöreskog (LISREL framework, 1970s)
نوع	Confirmatory latent variable model	Unsupervised dimensionality reduction	Latent variable / causal modeling
منبع بنیادین	Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Applied Research (2nd ed.). The Guilford Press. ISBN: 978-1462515363	Jolliffe, I.T. (2002). Principal Component Analysis (2nd ed.). Springer.	Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J. & Anderson, R. E. (2019). Multivariate Data Analysis (8th ed.). Cengage Learning. ISBN: 978-1473756540
نام‌های دیگر	Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi (CFA), confirmatory factor analysis, measurement model	Temel Bileşenler Analizi (PCA), PCA, principal components analysis, Karhunen-Loève transform	Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesi (SEM), structural equation modelling, covariance structure analysis, latent variable modeling
مرتبط	4	3	5
خلاصه	Confirmatory factor analysis tests whether a researcher-specified factor structure fits the observed data. Formalised by Karl Jöreskog in 1969, it is the measurement-model step within structural equation modelling and is the standard tool for validating the factorial structure of scales and questionnaires before comparing groups or estimating latent relationships.	Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is an unsupervised dimensionality-reduction method — given its modern textbook treatment by Ian Jolliffe (2002) — that compresses high-dimensional data into fewer dimensions while preserving the maximum possible variance. It re-expresses correlated variables as a small set of uncorrelated principal components ordered by how much of the data's variation each one captures.	Structural equation modeling is a multivariate statistical framework that simultaneously estimates a measurement model — relating observed indicators to latent constructs — and a structural model specifying directional or reciprocal relationships among those constructs. Rooted in the LISREL tradition developed by Karl Jöreskog in the 1970s, SEM is the standard tool for testing complex theoretical models in the social, behavioural, and management sciences.