مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	Ceramic Typology	NAA Provenance
حوزه	باستان‌شناسی	باستان‌شناسی
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1987	2003
پدیدآور	Developed across 20th-century archaeology; synthesized by Prudence M. Rice	Michael D. Glascock & Hector Neff (MURR provenance program)
نوع	Attribute-based classification of pottery for chronology and cultural attribution	Multi-element compositional sourcing of ceramics and obsidian via INAA and multivariate grouping
منبع بنیادین	Rice, P. M. (1987). Pottery Analysis: A Sourcebook. University of Chicago Press. ISBN: 9780226711188	Glascock, M. D., & Neff, H. (2003). Neutron Activation Analysis and Provenance Research in Archaeology. Measurement Science and Technology, 14(9), 1516-1526.
نام‌های دیگر	Pottery Typology, Ceramic Classification, Ware and Type Classification, Type-Variety Analysis	Neutron Activation Provenance, INAA Compositional Sourcing, Compositional Group Analysis, Chemical Provenance by NAA
مرتبط	2	2
خلاصه	Ceramic typology is the systematic classification of pottery into named groups — wares, types, and varieties — on the basis of shared attributes of form, fabric, surface treatment, decoration, and manufacturing technology. Because pottery is durable, ubiquitous, and changed rapidly in style, it is the archaeologist's most powerful tool for ordering sites and layers in time and for linking material to cultural traditions. As Prudence Rice's standard sourcebook sets out, a typology is built by recording consistent attributes, partitioning the assemblage into defined types, and arranging those types in a nested hierarchy that can then be quantified and compared across contexts. The resulting type frequencies become the raw material for relative dating, seriation, and the interpretation of trade, identity, and chronology.	NAA provenance is the use of instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) to determine where archaeological ceramics, obsidian, and other materials were made or obtained, by exploiting their high-precision multi-element chemical fingerprints. INAA irradiates a sample with neutrons, making its elements briefly radioactive, and measures the characteristic gamma rays they emit to quantify the concentrations of roughly thirty elements, including many trace and rare-earth elements at very low levels. As Glascock and Neff describe in their account of the technique's role in archaeology, the analytical power of NAA lies less in the measurement itself than in what follows: the statistical formation of compositional groups and the assignment of artifacts to those groups and to geological or production sources. This entry focuses specifically on that provenance application — building compositional groups and attributing artifacts by Mahalanobis distance — rather than on the instrumental measurement in general.