مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	Bogardus Social Distance Scale	E-I Index
حوزه	Sociology	Sociology
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1925	1988
پدیدآور	Emory S. Bogardus (building on Robert E. Park)	David Krackhardt & Robert Stern
نوع	Cumulative (Guttman-type) attitude scale of willingness for social contact	Index of the relative balance of between-group versus within-group ties
منبع بنیادین	Bogardus, E. S. (1925). Measuring social distance. Journal of Applied Sociology, 9, 299–308. (Mead Project digital archive, Brock University)	Krackhardt, D., & Stern, R. N. (1988). Informal networks and organizational crises: An experimental simulation. Social Psychology Quarterly, 51(2), 123–140.
نام‌های دیگر	Bogardus scale, social distance scale (Bogardus), cumulative social distance scale, Bogardus social distance measure	EI index, external-internal index, Krackhardt-Stern E-I ratio, E/I ratio
مرتبط	5	5
خلاصه	The Bogardus social distance scale, devised by Emory Bogardus in 1925, measures the degree of acceptance or rejection people feel toward members of other social, ethnic, or national groups. Respondents indicate the closest social relationship they would willingly accept with a target group, across an ordered series ranging from marriage and close friendship through neighbor and coworker down to exclusion from the country. Because the items form a cumulative (Guttman-type) hierarchy, a single score summarizes how much social distance a person places between themselves and each group.	The external-internal (E-I) index, introduced by Krackhardt and Stern, measures the extent to which the ties of a group point outward to other groups versus inward to its own members. It is the number of between-group (external) ties minus the number of within-group (internal) ties, divided by the total number of ties. Ranging from −1 (all ties internal, perfect insularity) to +1 (all ties external), it is a compact summary of homophily and group closure that can be computed for a whole network, for each group, or for each node.