مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	تحقیق کمی مشاهده‌ای بیزی	مدل‌سازی معادلات ساختاری (SEM)
حوزه	طراحی پژوهش	آمار پژوهش
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1990s–2000s (systematic application to observational research)	1921
پدیدآور	Thomas Bayes (foundational theorem, 1763); modern applied form developed by Sander Greenland, Andrew Gelman, and colleagues (1990s–2000s)	Sewall Wright
نوع	Quantitative non-experimental research design with Bayesian inference	Method
منبع بنیادین	Gelman, A., Carlin, J. B., Stern, H. S., Dunson, D. B., Vehtari, A., & Rubin, D. B. (2013). Bayesian Data Analysis (3rd ed.). CRC Press. ISBN: 978-1439840955	Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1973). LISREL: A general computer program for estimating a linear structural equation system. Research Bulletin 73-5. University of Stockholm.
نام‌های دیگر	Bayesian observational study, Bayesian non-experimental quantitative design, Bayesian causal observational analysis, BOQR	SEM, path analysis, latent variable modeling, causal modeling
مرتبط	4	3
خلاصه	Bayesian observational quantitative research applies Bayesian statistical inference to data collected without experimental manipulation — surveys, administrative records, registries, or secondary datasets. Instead of relying solely on p-values and confidence intervals, the analyst encodes prior knowledge about parameters as probability distributions, updates them with observed data via Bayes' theorem, and reports conclusions as posterior probability statements. The approach is especially valued in epidemiology, social science, and health services research where randomisation is impossible or unethical.	Structural equation modeling (SEM) is a comprehensive statistical framework combining path analysis (Sewall Wright, 1921) and confirmatory factor analysis to test complex causal models linking observed and latent variables. Formalized by Jöreskog (1973) with LISREL software, SEM enables simultaneous estimation of measurement relationships (how variables measure latent constructs) and structural relationships (how constructs influence outcomes), making it powerful for theory testing in psychology, epidemiology, organizational research, and health sciences where complex mediation, moderation, and latent processes require integrated analysis.