مقایسهٔ روشها
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| اتنوتوگرافی× | پژوهش عملیاتی× | |
|---|---|---|
| حوزه≠ | کیفی | پژوهش کیفی |
| خانواده | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| سال پیدایش≠ | Late 20th century (term coined 1979; method consolidated 1990s–2000s) | 1946 |
| پدیدآور≠ | Carolyn Ellis, Arthur Bochner, Norman Denzin (prominent theorists); David Hayano coined the term in 1979 | Kurt Lewin; expanded by Kemmis, McTaggart, Reason & Bradbury |
| نوع≠ | Qualitative research method | Method |
| منبع بنیادین≠ | Ellis, C. (2004). The Ethnographic I: A Methodological Novel about Autoethnography. AltaMira Press. ISBN: 978-0759100947 | Lewin, K. (1946). Action research and minority problems. Journal of Social Issues, 2(4), 34–46. DOI ↗ |
| نامهای دیگر≠ | auto-ethnography, AE, personal narrative research, self-ethnography | Participatory Action Research, PAR, Collaborative Inquiry |
| مرتبط≠ | 6 | 1 |
| خلاصه≠ | Autoethnography is a qualitative research method in which the researcher uses systematic self-reflection and personal narrative to examine their own experiences within a cultural, social, or organizational context. By treating the self as both subject and instrument, autoethnography connects individual lived experience to broader cultural patterns, making personal stories analytically and socially significant. It bridges autobiography and ethnography, producing accounts that are simultaneously evocative and scholarly. | Action research is a collaborative research methodology in which researchers work with practitioners and community members to investigate a problem, implement change, and evaluate outcomes, cycling through reflection, action, and learning. Developed by Kurt Lewin (1946), action research bridges research and practice, aiming simultaneously to produce knowledge and practical improvement. |
| ScholarGateمجموعهداده ↗ |
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