مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	اخلاق پژوهش حیوانی	گزارش بلمونت	اصول صداقت پژوهشی
حوزه	اخلاق پژوهش	اخلاق پژوهش	اخلاق پژوهش
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1959	1979	2007
پدیدآور	Russell & Burch (1959); EU Directive 2010/63/EU; NIH, USDA, international adoption	National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research (US DHEW)	Multiple (National Academies, NIH/ORI, ESOMAR, individual discipline standards)
نوع	Framework	Framework	Framework
منبع بنیادین	Russell, W.M.S. & Burch, R.L. (1959). The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique. Methuen.	National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. (1979). The Belmont Report: Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.	National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2017). Fostering Integrity in Research. The National Academies Press.
نام‌های دیگر	3Rs Framework, Animal Welfare Principles, Animal Research Ethics	Belmont Principles, Three Ethical Principles	Responsible Conduct of Research, RCR, Research Ethics Standards
مرتبط	3	5	4
خلاصه	The 3Rs (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement) is the ethical framework governing humane animal research, established by Russell and Burch (1959) and now adopted globally by research institutions, funding agencies, and regulatory bodies. The 3Rs require researchers to: replace animal research with non-animal methods where possible, reduce the number of animals used through rigorous design, and refine experimental procedures to minimize animal suffering. Implementation of the 3Rs is now mandatory in most jurisdictions through Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUCs), EU Directive 2010/63/EU, and NIH policy.	The Belmont Report (1979) is the foundational US ethical framework for human subjects research, established by the National Commission following the Tuskegee Syphilis Study scandal. It articulates three core principles—Respect for Persons, Beneficence, and Justice—that form the basis for institutional review and regulatory oversight of human research globally. Every researcher conducting human studies must understand and apply these principles.	Research integrity encompasses the ethical and professional standards that guide responsible conduct in all aspects of research—from study design and data collection through analysis, reporting, and publication. The core principles—honesty, transparency, accountability, respect, and stewardship—ensure that research is trustworthy, reproducible, and contributes legitimate knowledge. These principles are universal across disciplines and are enforced through institutional policies, professional standards, and regulatory oversight. Violations of research integrity undermine scientific credibility and can harm subjects, institutions, and public trust.