مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	Angoff Standard Setting	Vertical Scaling
حوزه	Education	Education
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Latent structure
سال پیدایش	1971	2014
پدیدآور	William H. Angoff	Educational measurement tradition (Thurstone; Kolen & Brennan synthesis)
نوع	Test-centered standard-setting procedure for establishing cut scores	Construction of a single developmental score scale spanning multiple grades
منبع بنیادین	Cizek, G. J., & Bunch, M. B. (2007). Standard Setting: A Guide to Establishing and Evaluating Performance Standards on Tests. Sage. ISBN: 9781412916820	Kolen, M. J., & Brennan, R. L. (2014). Test Equating, Scaling, and Linking: Methods and Practices (3rd ed.). Springer. ISBN: 9781493903160
نام‌های دیگر	Angoff Method, Modified Angoff Method, Yes/No Angoff, Angoff Cut-Score Procedure	Developmental Scaling, Vertical Linking, Cross-Grade Scaling, Growth Scale Construction
مرتبط	3	4
خلاصه	The Angoff method is a test-centered procedure for establishing a passing score (cut score) on an examination. A panel of content experts conceptualizes a 'borderline' or minimally competent examinee and, for each item, estimates the probability that such an examinee would answer it correctly. Summing those probabilities yields a recommended cut score for each panelist, and averaging across panelists and discussion rounds produces the performance standard. It is among the most widely used standard-setting methods in licensure, certification, and K-12 testing.	Vertical scaling places tests written for different grade levels onto a single continuous score scale so that growth from one grade to the next can be measured in common units. Unlike horizontal equating, which links alternate forms intended to be interchangeable, vertical scaling deliberately links tests of differing difficulty and content to build a developmental continuum spanning, for example, grades 3 through 8. It is the measurement foundation that lets a fourth-grade and a fifth-grade score be subtracted to express how much a student grew.