مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	ایزوترم جذب سطحی (لنگمویر-فروندلیش)	تقطیر واکنشی
حوزه	فیزیک کاربردی	فیزیک کاربردی
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1918	1995
پدیدآور	Irving Langmuir	Klaus Sundmacher
نوع	Empirical and theoretical adsorption equilibrium model	Integrated reaction-separation process model
منبع بنیادین	Langmuir, I. (1918). The adsorption of gases on plane surfaces of glass, mica, and platinum. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 40(9), 1361-1403.	Sundmacher, K., & Kienle, A. (2003). Reactive Distillation: Status and Future Directions. Wiley-VCH. ISBN: 978-3-527-30623-9
نام‌های دیگر	Langmuir isotherm, Freundlich isotherm, sorption equilibrium	integrated distillation-reaction, reactive column, reaction with separation
مرتبط	3	4
خلاصه	Adsorption isotherms describe the equilibrium uptake of a substance on a solid surface as a function of gas or solution phase concentration at constant temperature. The Langmuir isotherm (1918) and Freundlich isotherm (1906) are classical empirical models. The Langmuir model assumes monolayer coverage and is mechanistic; the Freundlich model is empirical and describes multilayer or heterogeneous adsorption. These isotherms are essential for designing separation processes (activated carbon filters, molecular sieves) and understanding pollutant sorption.	Reactive distillation couples reaction and separation in a single column, where reactants are separated from products continuously while simultaneously undergoing reaction on catalytic trays. Pioneered in the 1990s by Klaus Sundmacher and others, this process intensification technique dramatically reduces capital cost, energy consumption, and environmental impact for suitable reactions. It is now industrially proven for esterification, hydration, and transesterification processes.