مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	مطالعه مورد-شاهدی تطبیقی	تحلیل ترتیبی (طرح ترتیبی گروهی)
حوزه	اپیدمیولوژی	آمار
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Hypothesis test
سال پیدایش	1950s (base design); adaptive extensions developed from the 1970s–1990s	1977
پدیدآور	Builds on Doll & Hill (1950s) case-control foundations; adaptive elements drawn from sequential analysis (Wald, 1947) and group-sequential methods (Armitage, 1975)	P. C. O'Brien & T. R. Fleming; P. C. Pocock
نوع	Adaptive observational epidemiological design	Sequential / adaptive hypothesis test
منبع بنیادین	Rothman, K. J., Greenland, S., & Lash, T. L. (2008). Modern Epidemiology (3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN: 978-0781755641	O'Brien, P.C. & Fleming, T.R. (1979). A Multiple Testing Procedure for Clinical Trials. Biometrics, 35(3), 549–556.
نام‌های دیگر	adaptive case-control design, sequential case-control study, adaptive observational study, dynamic case-control study	sequential testing, group sequential design, interim analysis, Sıralı Analiz (Sequential Testing / Group Sequential Design)
مرتبط	6	5
خلاصه	An adaptive case-control study is a case-control design that incorporates pre-specified rules allowing modification of study parameters — such as sample size, case-to-control ratio, or matching criteria — based on interim data, without compromising validity. It combines the efficiency of adaptive methodology with the retrospective exposure-ascertainment logic of classical case-control research, enabling investigators to respond to emerging evidence while the study is ongoing.	Sequential analysis is a framework for conducting hypothesis tests with pre-planned interim looks at accumulating data, allowing a study to stop early for efficacy or futility while controlling the overall Type I error rate. The group sequential approach was formalised by Pocock (1977) and O'Brien and Fleming (1979), and remains the standard for confirmatory clinical trials and rigorous A/B experiments.