مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	پژوهش عملیاتی	پژوهش گروه کانونی
حوزه	پژوهش کیفی	کیفی
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1946	1940s (sociological origin); modern applied form from the 1980s–1990s
پدیدآور	Kurt Lewin; expanded by Kemmis, McTaggart, Reason & Bradbury	Robert K. Merton (sociological precursor, 1940s); popularised in applied research by Richard A. Krueger
نوع	Method	Qualitative data collection method
منبع بنیادین	Lewin, K. (1946). Action research and minority problems. Journal of Social Issues, 2(4), 34–46.	Krueger, R.A. & Casey, M.A. (2014). Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research (5th ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-1483365244
نام‌های دیگر	Participatory Action Research, PAR, Collaborative Inquiry	focus group discussion, FGD, group interview, Odak Grup Araştırması
مرتبط	1	6
خلاصه	Action research is a collaborative research methodology in which researchers work with practitioners and community members to investigate a problem, implement change, and evaluate outcomes, cycling through reflection, action, and learning. Developed by Kurt Lewin (1946), action research bridges research and practice, aiming simultaneously to produce knowledge and practical improvement.	Focus group research is a qualitative data-collection method in which a trained moderator guides structured discussions with homogeneous groups of six to ten participants to explore ideas, attitudes, and perceptions on a defined topic. Developed from sociological roots in the 1940s and systematised for applied research by Krueger and Casey, the method leverages group interaction as a data source — revealing not just what people think, but how they negotiate and articulate views in a social setting.