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Glass Ceiling Index

The glass ceiling index and related distributional measures quantify the 'glass ceiling' — the tendency for gender disadvantage to intensify toward the top of a wage distribution or organisational hierarchy. Cotter and colleagues (2001) set out formal criteria distinguishing a true ceiling from a general gap, while labour economists operationalise it as a widening female–male gap at high quantiles of earnings, and popular indices (such as The Economist's) rank countries by women's representation in senior roles, pay, and leadership.

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Sources

  1. Cotter, D. A., Hermsen, J. M., Ovadia, S., & Vanneman, R. (2001). The glass ceiling effect. Social Forces, 80(2), 655–681. DOI: 10.1353/sof.2001.0091
  2. Arulampalam, W., Booth, A. L., & Bryan, M. L. (2007). Is there a glass ceiling over Europe? Exploring the gender pay gap across the wage distribution. ILR Review, 60(2), 163–186. DOI: 10.1177/001979390706000201
  3. Albrecht, J., Björklund, A., & Vroman, S. (2003). Is there a glass ceiling in Sweden? Journal of Labor Economics, 21(1), 145–177. DOI: 10.1086/344126

How to cite this page

ScholarGate. (2026, June 22). Glass Ceiling Index and Distributional Glass-Ceiling Measurement. ScholarGate. https://scholargate.app/en/gender-studies/glass-ceiling-index

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ScholarGateGlass Ceiling Index (Glass Ceiling Index and Distributional Glass-Ceiling Measurement). Retrieved 2026-06-24 from https://scholargate.app/en/gender-studies/glass-ceiling-index · Dataset: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20539026