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	Triple Helix Analysis	Technological Innovation Systems
Field	Science Technology Studies	Science Technology Studies
Family	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Year of origin	2000	2008
Originator	Henry Etzkowitz & Loet Leydesdorff	Anna Bergek, Staffan Jacobsson, Bo Carlsson and colleagues
Type	Innovation-systems framework and bibliometric indicator	Systems-of-innovation framework and scheme of analysis
Seminal source	Etzkowitz, H., & Leydesdorff, L. (2000). The dynamics of innovation: from National Systems and 'Mode 2' to a Triple Helix of university–industry–government relations. Research Policy, 29(2), 109-123.	Bergek, A., Jacobsson, S., Carlsson, B., Lindmark, S., & Rickne, A. (2008). Analyzing the functional dynamics of technological innovation systems: a scheme of analysis. Research Policy, 37(3), 407-429.
Aliases	Triple Helix indicator, University-industry-government analysis, Triple Helix synergy analysis	TIS analysis, Technological innovation system approach, Functional dynamics scheme
Related	4	4
Summary	Triple Helix analysis is a framework and bibliometric method for studying knowledge-based innovation as the evolving interplay of three institutional spheres—university, industry, and government. Rather than treating these as separate actors that occasionally cooperate, it models innovation as the overlapping, mutually shaping relations among them, and offers an information-theoretic indicator that quantifies how much the three spheres jointly reduce uncertainty in a knowledge economy.	Technological Innovation Systems (TIS) analysis studies the emergence, growth, and performance of a specific technology by treating it as a system of actors, networks, and institutions that interact to generate, diffuse, and use that technology. Building on the systems-of-innovation tradition, the influential scheme of Bergek and colleagues combines a structural account of the system's components with a functional analysis of the key processes—or functions—that an innovation system must perform, then compares achieved with desired functionality to diagnose inducement and blocking mechanisms and derive policy.