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	Triple Helix Analysis	Co-word Analysis
Field	Science Technology Studies	Scientometrics
Family	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Year of origin	2000	1983
Originator	Henry Etzkowitz & Loet Leydesdorff	Michel Callon, Jean-Pierre Courtial, and colleagues
Type	Innovation-systems framework and bibliometric indicator	Scientometric network analysis technique
Seminal source	Etzkowitz, H., & Leydesdorff, L. (2000). The dynamics of innovation: from National Systems and 'Mode 2' to a Triple Helix of university–industry–government relations. Research Policy, 29(2), 109-123.	Callon, M., Courtial, J. P., Turner, W. A., & Bauin, S. (1983). From translations to problematic networks: An introduction to co-word analysis. Social Science Information, 22(2), 191–235.
Aliases	Triple Helix indicator, University-industry-government analysis, Triple Helix synergy analysis	keyword co-occurrence analysis, co-word mapping, keyword co-word network, CWA
Related	4	6
Summary	Triple Helix analysis is a framework and bibliometric method for studying knowledge-based innovation as the evolving interplay of three institutional spheres—university, industry, and government. Rather than treating these as separate actors that occasionally cooperate, it models innovation as the overlapping, mutually shaping relations among them, and offers an information-theoretic indicator that quantifies how much the three spheres jointly reduce uncertainty in a knowledge economy.	Co-word analysis is a scientometric technique that quantifies how often pairs of keywords, subject terms, or title words appear together across a corpus of publications. By treating simultaneous occurrence as a proxy for conceptual relatedness, it constructs networks and clusters that reveal the intellectual structure, dominant themes, and emerging sub-fields of a research domain.