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Symbolic Racism 2000 Scale×Social Dominance Orientation Scale×
FieldPolitical PsychologySocial Psychology
FamilyProcess / pipelineProcess / pipeline
Year of origin20021994
OriginatorP. J. Henry & David O. SearsFelicia Pratto, Jim Sidanius, Lisa Stallworth, and Bertram Malle
TypeSelf-report attitude scaleSelf-report Likert scale
Seminal sourceHenry, P. J., & Sears, D. O. (2002). The Symbolic Racism 2000 Scale. Political Psychology, 23(2), 253-283. DOI ↗Pratto, F., Sidanius, J., Stallworth, L. M., & Malle, B. F. (1994). Social Dominance Orientation: A personality variable predicting social and political attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(4), 741–763. DOI ↗
AliasesSR2K, Symbolic Racism Scale, Racial Resentment Scale, Modern Racism ScaleSDO
Related44
SummaryThe Symbolic Racism 2000 Scale (SR2K), developed by Henry and Sears (2002), is an 8-item self-report measure of symbolic racism, a contemporary, subtle form of anti-Black prejudice that blends early-learned negative affect toward a group with traditional moral values such as individualism and the work ethic. It descends from the symbolic-racism construct introduced by Kinder and Sears (1981) and is closely related to the racial-resentment battery used in the American National Election Studies.The Social Dominance Orientation Scale (SDO) is a self-report measure developed by Pratto, Sidanius, Stallworth, and Malle in 1994 to assess individual differences in preference for group-based hierarchy and inequality. The scale measures the extent to which individuals support dominance of some groups over others, reject egalitarianism, and accept hierarchical social organization. It has become central to social dominance theory and is widely used in political psychology and intergroup relations research.
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ScholarGateCompare methods: Symbolic Racism 2000 Scale · Social Dominance Orientation Scale. Retrieved 2026-06-24 from https://scholargate.app/en/compare