Compare methods

	Storm Surge Modeling	Tsunami Shallow Water Model
Field	Disaster Studies	Oceanography
Family	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Year of origin	1992	1995
Originator	Chester Jelesnianski and colleagues (SLOSH); Joannes Westerink & Richard Luettich (ADCIRC)	Kenji Satake
Type	Hydrodynamic shallow-water simulation pipeline forced by tropical-cyclone winds	numerical-model
Seminal source	Westerink, J. J., Luettich, R. A., Feyen, J. C., Atkinson, J. H., Dawson, C., Roberts, H. J., Powell, M. D., Dunion, J. P., Kubatko, E. J., & Pourtaheri, H. (2008). A Basin- to Channel-Scale Unstructured Grid Hurricane Storm Surge Model Applied to Southern Louisiana. Monthly Weather Review, 136(3), 833-864.	Satake, K. (1995). Linear and nonlinear computations of the 1992 Nicaragua earthquake tsunami. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 144(3-4), 455-470.
Aliases	Hurricane Storm Surge Simulation, Coastal Surge Modeling, Surge Hindcast and Forecast Modeling, Hydrodynamic Surge Inundation Modeling	Shallow Water Tsunami Propagation, SRTM
Related	3	3
Summary	Storm surge modeling simulates the abnormal rise of coastal water driven by a storm — principally the wind stress and low atmospheric pressure of a hurricane or extratropical cyclone — by solving the depth-integrated shallow-water equations of coastal hydrodynamics. The surge is the difference between the storm-driven water level and the normal astronomical tide, and it is the deadliest hazard of most landfalling hurricanes, capable of flooding low-lying coasts kilometers inland. The operational tradition began with Jelesnianski and colleagues' SLOSH model, documented in the 1992 NOAA technical report, which the National Weather Service still uses for real-time forecasting and evacuation planning. High-resolution research and design work increasingly uses the unstructured-grid ADCIRC model, whose application to southern Louisiana by Westerink, Luettich, and colleagues in 2008 set the standard for basin-to-channel-scale surge simulation. The defining challenges are representing the hurricane wind field accurately and resolving the complex coastal geometry — channels, marshes, and levees — that steers the water. The output is a time-evolving map of water level and overland inundation.	The tsunami shallow water model is a numerical method based on shallow water equations that simulates tsunami wave propagation from earthquake source regions to coastal areas. Developed by Kenji Satake and colleagues in the 1990s, this approach provides rapid estimates of tsunami arrival times, wave amplitudes, and inundation extents for operational early warning systems. The model forms the computational backbone of tsunami warning centers worldwide.