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| Spatial Exposure Index× | Spatial Gini Concentration Index× | |
|---|---|---|
| Field | Human Geography | Human Geography |
| Family | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Year of origin≠ | 1954 | 1991 |
| Originator≠ | Wendell Bell (P* indices); Douglas Massey & Nancy Denton (segregation dimensions) | Corrado Gini (coefficient); locational adaptation in regional science / economic geography |
| Type≠ | Segregation measure of the potential contact or isolation between population groups | Descriptive index of how unevenly an activity is distributed across space |
| Seminal source≠ | Bell, W. (1954). A probability model for the measurement of ecological segregation. Social Forces, 32(4), 357–364. DOI ↗ | Duncan, O. D., & Duncan, B. (1955). A methodological analysis of segregation indexes. American Sociological Review, 20(2), 210–217. DOI ↗ |
| Aliases≠ | Exposure Index, Isolation Index, P-star Index | Locational Gini Coefficient, Spatial Gini Index, Geographic Concentration Index, Gini Index of Spatial Inequality |
| Related | 4 | 4 |
| Summary≠ | The exposure and isolation indices, written P*, measure residential segregation as the degree of potential contact between population groups across the neighbourhoods of a region. Developed by Wendell Bell in 1954 and later codified by Massey and Denton in 1988 as the 'exposure' dimension of segregation, they answer a different question from evenness measures like the dissimilarity index: not how unevenly groups are distributed, but how much members of one group actually share neighbourhoods with members of another or only with their own. The interaction index gauges cross-group exposure while the isolation index gauges within-group concentration, each interpretable as a probability. | The spatial (or locational) Gini concentration index adapts the classic Gini coefficient to geography, summarizing in a single number between zero and one how unevenly an activity — an industry, a population group, a resource — is distributed across spatial units relative to a benchmark such as total population or land area. It is the workhorse measure for quantifying geographic concentration and agglomeration in economic geography. |
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