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Social Shaping of Technology×Multi-Level Perspective on Transitions×
FieldScience Technology StudiesScience Technology Studies
FamilyProcess / pipelineProcess / pipeline
Year of origin19852002
OriginatorDonald MacKenzie, Judy Wajcman, Robin Williams, David EdgeFrank W. Geels (building on Arie Rip and René Kemp)
TypeAnalytic tradition and method in the sociology of technologyConceptual framework and analytic method for sociotechnical change
Seminal sourceMacKenzie, D., & Wajcman, J. (Eds.). (1999). The Social Shaping of Technology (2nd ed.). Open University Press. ISBN: 9780335199136Geels, F. W. (2002). Technological transitions as evolutionary reconfiguration processes: a multi-level perspective and a case-study. Research Policy, 31(8-9), 1257-1274. DOI ↗
AliasesSST analysis, Social shaping approach, Shaping of technology frameworkMLP, Multi-level perspective framework, Sociotechnical transitions analysis
Related44
SummaryThe Social Shaping of Technology (SST) is the umbrella tradition in the sociology of technology that rejects technological determinism and argues that the content and trajectory of technical artefacts are themselves outcomes of social, economic, organisational, and political choices. Rather than treating technology as an autonomous force whose effects society must merely absorb, SST analysis opens the 'black box' of design and shows that at every stage—conception, development, standardisation, and use—things could have been, and were, decided otherwise.The Multi-Level Perspective (MLP) is a middle-range framework for analysing how large sociotechnical systems—energy, mobility, food, water—shift from one dominant configuration to another. It locates change in the interplay of three analytic levels: protected niches where radical novelties incubate, the incumbent sociotechnical regime that structures ordinary practice, and a slow-moving exogenous landscape. Transitions occur when landscape pressures destabilise the regime and open windows of opportunity for maturing niche innovations to break through.
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ScholarGateCompare methods: Social Shaping of Technology · Multi-Level Perspective on Transitions. Retrieved 2026-06-24 from https://scholargate.app/en/compare