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	Social Accounting Matrix	Computable General Equilibrium
Field	Economics	Economics
Family	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Year of origin	1962	1960
Originator	Richard Stone; popularized by Graham Pyatt & Jeffery Round	Leif Johansen; developed by Herbert Scarf, John Shoven & John Whalley
Type	Comprehensive, square, double-entry accounting framework	Multi-market numerical equilibrium simulation model
Seminal source	Pyatt, G., & Round, J. I. (Eds.). (1985). Social Accounting Matrices: A Basis for Planning. Washington, DC: The World Bank. ISBN: 9780821305508	Shoven, J. B., & Whalley, J. (1992). Applying General Equilibrium. Cambridge Surveys of Economic Literature. Cambridge University Press. ISBN: 9780521319867
Aliases	SAM, Social Accounting Framework, SAM Multiplier Model	CGE Model, Applied General Equilibrium, AGE Model, Walrasian Simulation Model
Related	3	3
Summary	A social accounting matrix (SAM) is a square, double-entry table that records all transactions among the production sectors, factors of production, institutions (households, firms, government), and the rest of the world in an economy for a given year. It extends the input-output table by closing the circular flow of income — connecting how value added becomes factor income, factor income becomes household income, and household income becomes demand — so that every account's receipts (its row) exactly equal its expenditures (its column).	A computable general equilibrium (CGE) model is a numerical simulation of an entire economy in which optimizing producers and consumers interact through markets that all clear simultaneously. Building on Walras's general-equilibrium theory and a benchmark social accounting matrix, a CGE model is calibrated to reproduce a base-year economy and then solved for the new vector of prices and quantities that would prevail under a counterfactual policy — a tax reform, a tariff change, a carbon price — capturing how the shock reverberates and re-equilibrates across every market.