Compare methods

	Seasonal Calendar	Institutional Venn Diagram
Field	Anthropology	Anthropology
Family	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Year of origin	1994	1994
Originator	Participatory Rural Appraisal tradition (Robert Chambers and colleagues)	Participatory Rural Appraisal tradition (Robert Chambers and colleagues)
Type	Participatory visualization of intra-annual variation across activities and conditions	Participatory diagram of local institutions sized and positioned by importance and closeness
Seminal source	Chambers, R. (1994). The origins and practice of participatory rural appraisal. World Development, 22(7), 953–969.	Chambers, R. (1994). The origins and practice of participatory rural appraisal. World Development, 22(7), 953–969.
Aliases	Seasonal Calendar Diagramming, Seasonality Diagram, Seasonal Activity Matrix, Seasonal Mapping	Chapati Diagram, Institutional Relationship Diagram, Venn Diagramming, Organizational Mapping
Related	4	4
Summary	A seasonal calendar is a participatory rural appraisal (PRA) tool in which community members chart how key conditions and activities vary across the months or seasons of a typical year on a shared visual matrix. Rows represent variables such as rainfall, crop labour, income, food availability, migration, illness, or expenditure, while columns represent the local division of the year. By filling the cells with stones, marks, or piles whose size shows intensity, participants produce a collective picture of seasonality that reveals when stresses pile up and when slack periods occur.	An institutional Venn diagram, often called a chapati or relationship diagram, is a participatory rural appraisal tool in which community members represent the organizations and institutions in their lives as circles and arrange them to show importance and relationships. The size of each circle reflects how important or influential the institution is, and its position — how far from the community and how much it overlaps with other circles — shows how close and how connected it is. The finished diagram is a community-drawn map of its institutional landscape and the social distance between people and the bodies that affect them.